While the focus of the current study has been on the effect of anti-PD1 antibody and VIP-R antagonists on anti-tumor T cells, this therapy also has the potential to affect immune-suppressive myeloid cells in the TME and block the generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells73 and affect antigen presentation by tumor-infiltrating macrophages74 and dendritic cells in tertiary lymphoid structures within the tumor6,75. Here, VIPR1 is linked to neoplasm.