In addition, in the LPS‐induced and fungus‐induced rat emphysema model, the expression of HMGB1 was significantly increased in the lung tissue and alveolar macrophages derived from the lung tissue of the emphysema mice, as were the levels of inflammatory mediators including TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐33. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.