In addition, CSE‐treated cells activate Nuclear factor erythroid2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) to change the distribution and expression of RAGE, and then through MAPK and NF‐κB to induce redox‐sensitive DAMPs74 (Table 2), thereby participating in COPD complications. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.