VEGFA and neoplasm: In addition, indirect communication is supported by reactive astrocyte secretion of chemokines or cytokines, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), transforming growth factor‐ β (TGF‐β), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), monocyte chemotactic protein‐4 (MCP‐4), interleukin‐19 (IL‐19), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and leukemia inhibitory factor, among others, to promote tumor cell invasion and migration, proliferation, and growth (Guan et al., 2018).