Human gastric tissues exhibit elevated levels of phosphorylated EGFR during the progression from CG to gastric cancer, which could activate the NF-κB and MAPK1/3 pathways to induce cytokine production and macrophage activation, while EGFR-deficient macrophages display impaired Th1 and Th17 adaptive immune responses to H. pylori [27]. Here, MAPK1 is linked to gastric cancer.