Existed researches have demonstrated that TNF-α could promote the accumulation of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 in AF cells, stimulating the secretion of inflammatory substances such as NO and PGE2, and aggravated the inflammatory response, the same as IL-1β (Huang et al., 2020; Qi et al., 2020). Here, IL17A is linked to atrial fibrillation.