TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Renal fibrosis is a devastating manifestation of CKD, and lncRNA is associated with it via the anti-fibrotic growth factor transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), which promotes renal fibrosis and can act on CKD kidneys through both classical and non-classical pathways, with Smads TGF-β classical signaling (mainly TGF-β1) holding a central role in the development of renal fibrosis (Jones et al., 2019).