We previously developed triple knock-out C57BL/6 Rag-/-γc-/-CD47-/- mice reconstituted with a human immune system using the bone marrow, liver, thymus method (TKO-BLT mice) [30,31] for use in studies with HIV-1 [32,33,39,40] and other viral infections [41] that have tropism for human hematopoietic cells. This evidence concerns the gene CD47 and viral infectious disease.