ATG3 and infection: Under the conditions used, we observed three types of modulation: (I) genes whose transcription level was upregulated only 48 h after infection (SQSTM1, BECN1); (II) genes whose expression was slightly upregulated at 24 h and further augmented at 48 h post-infection (ATG5, ATG7); and (III) genes harboring a transient up-regulation of transcription 24 h after infection (ATG3, ATG12, MAP1LC3).