ISG15 and viral infectious disease: As expected, MX1, MX2, ISG15 and OAS1 were up-regulated in human airway epithelial cells (hAEC) infected with IAV (p < 0.001 for all genes), RSV (p < 0.001 for all genes), MERS-CoV (p < 0.001 for MX1, ISG15 and OAS1; and p < 0.01 for MX2) and SARS-CoV-1 (p < 0.001 for MX1 and ISG15; and p < 0.01 for MX2) compared with mock treatment; confirming MX1, MX2, ISG15, and OAS1 overexpression during different viral infections (Supplementary Figure S5B).