Figure 4B shows that for the positive control, infectious PV-1 virions, there is a clear peak for RNA release at 54 °C. However, there is no evidence of nucleic acid exposure or release from either the wt PV-3 VLPs or the PV-3 SC8 VLPs. This suggests that the VLPs produced in P. pastoris are reminiscent of ECs produced during natural virus infection and contain no nucleic acid. Here, PLVAP is linked to viral infectious disease.