TNF and tropical spastic paraparesis: The serum levels of VILIP-1, sRAGE, sTREM-1, sTREM-2, VEGF, β-NGF, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 did not show significant differences between HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 AC, and HTLV-1-seronegative controls (Figure 1).