Moreover, HAM/TSP patients have elevated CSF levels of inflammatory chemokines, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL17, CXCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL11, in addition to a higher frequency of Tax+CD4+ T-cells expressing CXCR3 in the peripheral blood [11]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and tropical spastic paraparesis.