Meanwhile, in HAM/TSP patients, VEGF and IL-18 levels were consistently correlated with many inflammatory chemokines that were significantly increased in the CSF of these individuals, as previously described [11] (Figure 6B), including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL17, CXCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Here, IL18 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.