TNF and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: In Alzheimer’s disease, β-amyloid plaques are surrounded by reactive glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) showing elevated expression of proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10) are at reduced levels [22,23].