Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that exerts various effects (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis, angiogenesis, immune cell activation, differentiation, and cell migration) depending on the cellular context, represents a double-edged sword in tumor initiation and development, since both pro- and anti-tumoral activity has been reported [43]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.