HSCs that normally remain quiescent transform into myofibroblasts with proliferative and fibrogenic characteristics upon recognition of injury or stimuli, and then secrete TGF-β and endothelin (ET)-1 to produce an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), which together lead to liver fibrosis [49,50,51]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.