Addition of TSA to chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, gemcitabine, or doxorubicin-induced synergistic cytotoxicity and concomitantly inhibited chemotherapeutic drug-induced activation of Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway in human urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells [159]. This evidence concerns the gene RAF1 and urothelial carcinoma.