VIP and complication: Moreover, severe endothelium smooth muscle histological abnormalities were evidenced by endothelial lining clefts with cytoplasmic vacuoles in smooth muscle proliferation, as well as eNOS in the smooth muscle (Figure 5A,B and Figure 6A,B).In agreement with our data results, previous studies revealed that STZ-induced DM endothelial complications in the experimental rats significantly increased tissue levels of VIP, E-selectin, endothelin-1, and ICAM-1 [86,87].