MMP9 and epilepsy: Individuals with seizures/epilepsy have higher serum levels of matrix metallopeptidase-9, an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte adhesion molecules, and an increased probability of mutations in the Toll-like receptor 4 that leads to an increased Th1 (proinflammatory) response compared to those without seizures/epilepsy [16,17,18].