TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In this context, the release of chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 has been extensively studied in the context of obesity-associated chronic inflammation [6,7].