CRP and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Elevated levels of circulating CRP are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (LC) in cancer-free individuals, as well as low-dose computed tomography screening participants, and the value of CRP in predicting disease progression and response to therapy has been widely explored in the setting of chronic inflammatory, cardiovascular, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [22,23,24,25,26,27].