TNF and Glucose intolerance: During pregnancy, women’s risk of secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as leptin, resist in, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and C-reactive protein (CRP), becomes significantly higher and the elevated concentrations of these cytokines, combined with elevated placental lactogen, progesterone, and estrogen, can increase insulin resistance and glucose intolerance considerably [62].