INS and Insulin resistance: The results showed that supplementation with probiotics significantly decreased the level of fasting glucose (−3.43 mg/dl; 95% CI −6.48, −0.38; p = 0.02), insulin concentration (−2.29 μIU/mL; 95% CI −3.60, −0.99; p = 0.001), and insulin resistance (−0.67; 95% CI −1.05, −0.29; p = 0.001) and significantly increased insulin sensitivity compared to the placebo (0.009; 95% CI, 0.004, 0.01; p = 0.001).