Activation of NF-κB, the central switchboard of inflammation, results in the release of cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-4, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β) and chemokines (e.g., IL-6 and IL-8) [46], which promote the development of PAH by regulating pulmonary vascular remodeling. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.