STAT3 and cancer: Gallic acid has been reported to prevent the development and progression of various types of cancers inducing apoptosis through Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathways [41,42] while catechin induced caspase-mediated apoptosis targeting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) downstream pathway [43].