TNF and COVID-19: Curcumin also suppresses or downregulates the expression of some growth factors and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, epidermal growth factor, estrogen receptors, and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) [157,158,159] and plays an important role in pulmonary edema induced in COVID-19-related lung conditions [160].