TNF and neoplasm: An inflammatory cytokine known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is frequently present in the tumor microenvironment [22]; as a pleiotropic cytokine, TNF-α has a dual role in the development of cancer [23]; It participates in inflammation-related carcinogenesis by promoting tumor cell proliferation, survival differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and manipulation of immune responses [24].