Four of the good-quality surveys investigated cardiovascular risk factors and found that DUs had a significantly higher OR of cardiovascular disease [26], significantly higher prevalence OR of cardiovascular risk factors and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome [21], significantly higher OR of elevated human c-reactive protein (CRP) [71], significantly higher risk of stroke [73], significantly higher prevalence of arrythmia [66], significantly higher OR of elevated CRP [71], and significantly higher OR of abdominal obesity than ESCC [22]. Here, CRP is linked to Abdominal obesity.