However, after the acid treatment of the plasma to liberate latent TGF-β from its latency-associated peptide, most of the patients with mild malaria showed increased levels of both TGF-β1 (1641 ± 945 pg/Ml) and TGF-β3 (5962 ± 2129 pg/Ml), compared with controls (TGF-β1: 174 ± 197 pg/Ml, TGF-β3: <20 pg/Ml) (p < 0.001 ANOVA). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is malaria.