IL9 and malaria: Here, we observed that IL-9 plasma concentrations were comparable between controls (1676 ± 560 pg/Ml) and severe malaria patients (1905 ± 534 pg/Ml) but increased more than fourfold (6997 ± 1783 pg/Ml) in mild cases (p < 0.001) (Figure 1A), showing a striking similarity with TGF-β1 and TGF-β3.