Multiple non-Framingham inflammatory biomarkers, such as plasma soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK), dysfunctional pro-inflammatory high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (piHDL), leptin, and homocysteine, are independently linked to atherosclerosis in SLE [9,42,43,44,45,46]. This evidence concerns the gene LEP and atherosclerosis.