Interestingly, IL-17, a cytokine that has been found to be elevated in CF and implicated in the production of pro-neutrophilic mediators from CF epithelial cells by increasing IL-8 and IL-6, augments expression of NOD1, NOD2, and TLR4 priming the epithelium for a more vigorous response against pathogens recognized by these receptors [18,27]. The gene discussed is NOD1; the disease is cystic fibrosis.