Another study, performed by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from PD patients, Caco-2 cells, and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae inoculation, showed the potential use of L. salivarius LS01 and L. acidophilus LA02 in modulating inflammation (reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A, and increase in IL-4 and IL-10), oxidative stress, and gut permeability, and inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) [328]. Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.