TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Currently, the tumor-promoting mechanism of LOXL1 can be divided into two aspects of extracellular or intracellular effect: (1) Extracellular effect: TGF-β secreted by NSCLC cells promotes ITG α11 expression in CAFs via the Smad signaling pathway, which upregulates LOXL1 expression in CAFs, thereby inducing ECM remodeling and promoting the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells [54].