In addition, CHF and BPs upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes (BMP-2, OPG, Runx-2), which promoted bone formation and also downregulated the expression of osteolytic genes (RANK, RANKL, TNF-α), which inhibited bone resorption, thus affecting bone metabolism and skeletal properties. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.