Upon evaluating pre-treatment biopsies from melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy in a phase I clinical trial, Shin et al. observed that the upregulation of surface PD-L1 expression through the interferon-γ receptor pathway was heterogenous in subclones harbouring defective Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK2 [77]. Here, CD274 is linked to melanoma.