Previous research showed that PD1 and PD-L1 expression on melanoma-derived EVs predicted resistance to checkpoint inhibitors [54]; EV mRNA could predict NSCLC survival and efficacy of different treatment modalities [53]; long noncoding RNA may serve as a prognostic and immunotherapeutic predictor for testicular germ cell tumor and HCC [55,56]. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.