TNF and melanoma: IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA were upregulated ~1.4-fold and ~2-fold, respectively, in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with acid EV compared to control EV from B16, B16-LU, and B16-LI cells; TNF-α mRNA expression level was ~1.4-fold higher in macrophages treated with acid-EV than in those treated with control-EV from B16 and B16-LU cells, reaching a ~4-fold increase with acid EV produced by B16-LI melanoma cells.