TNF and melanoma: Indeed, we observed that miR-214 carried in EV released by acid-adapted melanoma cells is capable to induce a proinflammatory response in macrophages: upon NF-ĸB nuclear translocation together, macrophages increased the expression of COX-2 and the release of a high amount of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO, establishing an inflammatory microenvironment that in turn enhances vascular permeability facilitating melanoma cell trans-endothelial migration.