Along these lines, the estimators of the VLDL lipid content (VLDL-C/VLDL-apoB, VLDL-TG/VLDL-apoB, and VLDL-PL/VLDL-apoB) were lower in patients with a more severe AHF pathophysiology, i.e., those with signs of venous volume overload or atrial fibrillation, compared to those without, as well as in patients with AHF following CHF compared to the new onset AHF cases. This evidence concerns the gene APOB and atrial fibrillation.