SMAD3 and Marfan syndrome: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is associated with FBN1 mutations [38]; Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) is relevant to the COL3A1 mutation [39]; Loeysؘ–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is related to TGFBR1 or TGFBR2 mutations as well as SMAD3 or TGFB2 mutations [40].