It has been demonstrated that some chemokine–receptor pairs, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL11, are highly expressed in hippocampal tissues and have been associated with epilepsy, based on the findings of experimental models of epilepsy and immunohistochemistry of brain tissue samples from patients undergoing surgical treatment for refractory seizures [19]. The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is epilepsy.