In the case of ZO-1, Japanese encephalitis viral infected astrocytes induce the expression of VEGF, IL-6, and MMP2/MMP-9 that upregulate the expression of the E3-Ub-ligase component n-recognin-1 that triggers ZO-1 ubiquitination and degradation [65]. This evidence concerns the gene UBR1 and Japanese encephalitis.