In the present study, we use normal human astrocytes (NHAs) to explore the effect of HIV Nef in patients with and without dementia on modulating the cytokine and kynurenine metabolite expression profiles, while primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFAs) were used by Liu et al., 2015 and Saribas et al., 2015 to study the differential expression of cytokines as well as the PI3K pathway components and to explore the effect of HIV Nef in CNS with respect to autophagy using an adenovirus vector (Ad-Nef), respectively. Here, S100B is linked to dementia.