VEGFA and neoplasm: After close to the vessel budding sites, (precursor) endothelial cells will respond to the proangiogenic signals and begin to proliferate to form new capillary blood vessels towards the tumor tissue and supply nutrition, oxygen, and routes for ESCC growth and metastasis, such as VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) [30,34], thereby blocking these signaling pathways and attenuating ESCC progression.