CTLA4 and neoplasm: The hypothesis that low-dose irradiation can reprogram the tumor microenvironment and that it has the ability to amplify the effect of immunotherapy was exploited in the phase II study that evaluated the benefit of combining the double inhibition of PD-L1 with durvalumab and CTLA-4 with tremelimumab as a single treatment or combined with radiotherapy in patients with NSCLC refractory to single-agent immunotherapy.