PLAT and ischemia: Remarkably, in an in vitro model of BBB comprising human brain endothelial cells and astrocytes subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation to mimic in vivo ischemia, apocynin treatment attenuated endothelial permeability and superoxide production through a mechanism that involves modulation of MMP-2 and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) [93].