TNF and inflammatory response: Importantly, TLS treatment dramatically reduced the mRNA expression of two major proinflammatory cytokines after H2O2 treatment (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α: 400.3 ± 1.7 vs. 7.9 ± 1.9-fold; and interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β: 423.4 ± 1.3 vs. 12.7 ± 2.6-fold; p < 0.05; H2O2 vs. TLS+ H2O2, respectively), suggesting a neuroprotective role of TLS by reducing neuronal inflammation.