TNF and cholangiocarcinoma: IC50 = 21.1 ± 2.1 μMSuppressed cell viability, migration, and morphogenesis on HUVECs, but not CCA cellsSignificantly reduced the transcript level of TNF-α Decreased levels of VEGFR-2/Src/Akt/PCL/FAKDisrupted tumor angiogenesis (in vivo)Reduced the growth of CCA cells (in vivo)Decreased CD31-positive vessel contentDecreased macrophage recruitment