The top 10 COPD-related pathways were associated with cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, MAPL signaling, Fc epsilon RI signaling, longevity regulation, chemokine signaling, NF-κB signaling, TNF signaling, and T cell receptor signaling (Figure 4a). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.