NFKB1 and alcohol abuse: As for the higher hepatic IL-1β level, chronic alcohol abuse might increase the intestinal permeability and gram-negative bacteria in the intestine, which could cause endotoxins to be translocated to the liver through the portal vein combined with receptor complex cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in Kupffer’s cells, which then activate the transcription factor, NF-κB, prompting proinflammatory cytokine secretion [58].