Moreover, adipose stem cell-derived exosomes exerted neuroprotective effects on AD in a rat model [55]; type II macrophages (M2) and microglia-derived exosomes alleviated neuronal damage and mitochondrial damage in AD, which was mediate through PINK1/Parkin pathway dysfunction [56]; human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes exerted neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the inflammatory response of microglia [57]; and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviated microglia dysfunction in PD by inhibiting Sp1 signaling activation and neuronal apoptosis [58]. The gene discussed is SP1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.