Additionally, a very recent study demonstrated that an outgrowth endothelial cell-derived conditioned media (OEC-CM) prevents the damaging effects of TNF-α on the BBB since the levels of TNF-α were found to be significantly elevated on days 2, 7, 30 and 90 after ischemic stroke and TNF-α impairs function and integrity of the BBB, which is the main early cause of death after IS [64]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ischemic stroke.