A recent study established a spectrum of differences between immune lineages in carcinogen-related versus HPV-positive HNSCC: besides CD8+ cells and Treg cells, similar lineages in both types of HNSCC, CD4+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells display different immune lineages, so it may require more tailored therapies [74]. Here, CD8A is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.