IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Given that the IFN signaling in LN nephritis closely resembles the immune response to viral infections, the use of hydroxychloroquine, an immunomodulator drug that has been reported to possess antiviral activity in vitro, may lower the risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with SLE (with or without LN) [20].