In addition, the level of LPS-binding protein (LBP), a surrogate marker for antigen load derived from gut bacteria21, and the level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose production is stimulated by LPS22, were both significantly elevated in the T1D group compared with that in the NC group (Fig. 4f, g). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.